{"id":16279,"date":"2017-03-21T16:19:08","date_gmt":"2017-03-21T13:19:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/?page_id=16279"},"modified":"2026-03-31T17:09:33","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T14:09:33","slug":"thyroid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/","title":{"rendered":"Thyroid"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-16279\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-16279-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-16279-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16279-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"textwidget\"><figure id=\"attachment_15936\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 1024px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-anatomy.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15936\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-anatomy.jpeg\" alt=\"Thyroid anatomy\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-anatomy.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-anatomy-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-anatomy-768x576.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Thyroid anatomy.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15940\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 1024px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-diseases.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15940\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-diseases.jpeg\" alt=\"Thyroid diseases\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-diseases.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-diseases-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/thyroid-diseases-768x576.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Thyroid diseases<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordionname6\"><div class=\"panel panel-default panel-even\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><a class=\"accordion-toggle \" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordionname6\" href=\"#collapse60\"><h5><i class=\"icon-minus primary-color\"><\/i><i class=\"icon-plus\"><\/i>CONTENTS<\/h5><\/a><\/div><div id=\"collapse60\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse in\"><div class=\"panel-body postclass\">\n<div class=\"kt-simple-box\" style=\"background-color:rgba(236, 246, 255, 1); min-height:1px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:15px; padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; \"><div class=\"kt-simple-box-inner\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#definition\">Definition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#thyroid-hormones\">Thyroid Hormones<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#functions-of-thyroid-hormones\">Functions of Thyroid Hormones<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#regulation-of-thyroid-hormones\">Regulation of Thyroid Hormones<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#parathyroid-glands\">Parathyroid Glands<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"kad-spacer clearfix\" style=\"height:30px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"definition\">1. Definition<\/h2>\n<p>The thyroid gland, also known as the &quot;thyroid,&quot; is an endocrine gland that produces hormones. The thyroid is located in front of the neck, beneath the Adam's apple, between the second and fourth tracheal cartilages. The thyroid gland has two lobes connected by an isthmus. Each lobe is approximately 5x3x2 cm (height, width, and depth). Thyroid is Latin for shield-shaped.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"thyroid-hormones\">2. Thyroid Hormones<\/h2>\n<p>Thyroid hormones are iodinated amino acids produced from tyrosine.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>T3: 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine contains three iodine atoms.<\/li>\n<li>T4: Thyroxine contains four iodine atoms.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thyroid hormones are synthesized and stored in the thyroid gland, bound to a protein called thyroglobulin. Thyroid hormones circulate in balance in the blood, both bound to thyroglobulin and free. However, only free thyroid hormones enter the cell and have effects on the cell.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"functions-of-thyroid-hormones\">3. Functions of Thyroid Hormones<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroid hormones increase O2 consumption, body temperature, heart rate<\/li>\n<li>Thyroid hormones increase the metabolic rate, glycogenolysis, hepatic gluconeogenesis, intestinal glucose absorption, cholesterol synthesis and degradation.<\/li>\n<li>In other words, thyroid hormones accelerate carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism.<\/li>\n<li>Thyroid hormones affect the function of many organs, for example:\n<ul>\n<li>Thyroid hormones have positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on the heart, increases gastrointestinal motility, increases bone and protein turnover (turnover).<\/li>\n<li>Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormones) causes <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Diarrhea&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nDiarrhea is defined in two ways: passing more than three bowel movements (stools) per day or having a watery stool (300 grams)....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diarrhea\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diarrhea\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diarrhea<\/a>, hypothyroidism (too low thyroid hormones) causes constipation.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Thyroid hormones are necessary for growth and brain development in children (including the fetal period).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"regulation-of-thyroid-hormones\">4. Regulation of Thyroid Hormones<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15942\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 1024px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis-diagram.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-15942\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis-diagram.jpeg\" alt=\"Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis diagram\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis-diagram.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis-diagram-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid-axis-diagram-768x576.jpeg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis diagram<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<p>TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), which is secreted from the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> pituitary (adenohypophysis), regulates thyroid hormone secretion and thus thyroid gland function.<br>\nTSH is controlled by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone), which is secreted from the hypothalamus. In other words, TRH causes the release of TSH, and TSH causes the release of T3 and T4. T3 and T4 suppress TSH and TRH release. This control mechanism is called the &ldquo;<strong>hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis.<\/strong>&quot;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Let's remember:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Anterior<\/a> Pituitary (Adenohypophysis) Hormones<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)<\/li>\n<li>LH (luteinizing hormone)<\/li>\n<li>Prolactin (milk secreting)<\/li>\n<li>Growth hormone<\/li>\n<li>ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)<\/li>\n<li>TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Posterior Pituitary Hormones<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>ADH (antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin)<\/li>\n<li>Oxytocin (facilitating labor, milk secretor)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"parathyroid-glands\">5. Parathyroid Glands<\/h2>\n<p>Behind each thyroid lobe, there are two parathyroid glands of lentil size (a total of 4). Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH, parathormone) that raises blood calcium. Inadvertent removal of the parathyroid glands along with the thyroid gland results in hypoparathyroidism, which in turn causes hypocalcemia (low blood calcium).<br>\n<\/p><div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"> <div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/breast\/breast-anatomy\/\" title=\"Anatomy of the Breast\">Anatomy of the Breast<\/a>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/thyroid-anatomy-and-physiology\/\" title=\"Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid\">Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid<\/a> &gt;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-16279-0-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16279-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-16279-0-1-0\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Thyroid<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-thyroid\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\" menu-item-16290 menu-item menu-thyroid-overview\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/\"><span>Thyroid &ndash; Overview<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16291 menu-item menu-anatomy-and-physiology-of-the-thyroid\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/thyroid-anatomy-and-physiology\/\"><span>Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Definition The thyroid gland, also known as the &#8220;thyroid,&#8221; is an endocrine gland that produces hormones. The thyroid is located in front of the neck, beneath the Adam&#8217;s apple, between the second and fourth tracheal cartilages. The thyroid gland &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/\" aria-label=\"Thyroid\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15038,"menu_order":51,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16279","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16279"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19027,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16279\/revisions\/19027"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/15038"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}