{"id":16239,"date":"2023-04-04T15:18:45","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T12:18:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/?page_id=16239"},"modified":"2026-03-31T17:11:04","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T14:11:04","slug":"diaphragm","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/","title":{"rendered":"Diaphragm"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-16239\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-16239-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-16239-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16239-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"textwidget\"><p><a style=\"font-weight: bold;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-anatomy.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15494\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-anatomy-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Diaphragm anatomy\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-anatomy-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-anatomy-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-anatomy.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diaphragm<\/a> anatomy<\/p><div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordionname26\"><div class=\"panel panel-default panel-even\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><a class=\"accordion-toggle \" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordionname26\" href=\"#collapse260\"><h5><i class=\"icon-minus primary-color\"><\/i><i class=\"icon-plus\"><\/i>CONTENTS<\/h5><\/a><\/div><div id=\"collapse260\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse in\"><div class=\"panel-body postclass\">\n<div class=\"kt-simple-box\" style=\"background-color:rgba(236, 246, 255, 1); min-height:1px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:15px; padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; \"><div class=\"kt-simple-box-inner\">\n<ol>\n<li><a href=\"#definition\">Definition<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#openings\">Openings<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#diaphragmatic-openings-and-structures-pass-through\">Diaphragmatic Openings (Hiatus) and Structures Pass-Through<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#is-the-diaphragm-muscle-voluntary-or-involuntary\">Is the diaphragm muscle voluntary or involuntary?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#diaphragmatic-hernias\">Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#acquired-diaphragmatic-hernias\">Acquired Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#congenital-diaphragmatic-hernias\">Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#diaphragm-paralysis\">Diaphragm Paralysis<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"definition\">1. Definition<\/h2>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> (thoracic <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a>) is a large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle involved in respiration.<\/p>\n<p>By increasing intra-abdominal pressure, the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> aids in coughing, sneezing, vomiting, crying, defecation, urination, and childbirth.<\/p>\n<p>Terminal lymphatic capillaries, called lacunae, located in the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a>, absorb fluid from the peritoneal cavity. Peritoneal fluid enters the lacunae through small openings called stomata on the free surface of the mesothelium. In other words, lymphatic stomata are small openings of lymphatic capillaries on the free surface of the mesothelium.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"openings\">2. Openings<\/h2>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> separates the abdomen from the chest. Many structures pass between the abdominal and thoracic cavities through the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> or its edges. In other words, the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> has several openings called hiatuses.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"diaphragmatic-openings-and-structures-pass-through\">Diaphragmatic Openings (Hiatus) and Structures Pass-Through<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Esophageal Hiatus<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Esophagus<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Anterior<\/a> and posterior vagal trunk<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hiatus of Inferior Vena Cava<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Inferior Vena Cava<\/li>\n<li>Right Phrenic Nerve<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Aortic Hiatus<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>The aorta<\/li>\n<li>Thoracic Duct (Ductus Thoracicus)<\/li>\n<li>Azygos Vein<\/li>\n<li>Hemiazygos Vein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foramen of Morgagni<\/strong> (Sternocostal Triangle, Larrey&rsquo;s Space)\n<ul>\n<li>Right and Left Superior Epigastric Artery and Vein<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Foramen of Bochdalek<\/strong> (Lumbocostal Triangle, normally absent or closed)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Other Structures Passing Through the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diaphragm<\/a><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Greater and lesser splanchnic nerves (pass through the left crus)<\/li>\n<li>Hemyazygos vein usually passes through the aortic hiatus, sometimes through the left crus.<\/li>\n<li>Right and Left Sympathetic Truncus: On both sides, they pass behind the median arcuate ligament.<\/li>\n<li>Left Phrenic Nerve: The right phrenic nerve crosses the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> (usually) to the right of the inferior vena cava. The left phrenic nerve passes over the pericardium of the left ventricle, perforates the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a>, and is distributed on the lower surface of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"is-the-diaphragm-muscle-voluntary-or-involuntary\">3. Is the diaphragm muscle voluntary or involuntary?<\/h2>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> is a musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure. The middle is membranous (central tendon), and the edges are striated muscle (i.e., skeletal muscle). However, the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm muscle<\/a> and breathing normally work involuntarily (automatically). Sometimes, voluntary breathing also comes into play. For example, talking, singing, laughing, deep breathing, and whistling<\/p>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"diaphragmatic-hernias\">4. Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15490\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-hernia-types.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-hernia-types-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Diaphragm hernia types\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-hernia-types-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-hernia-types-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/diaphragm-hernia-types.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Diaphragm hernia types<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h3 id=\"acquired-diaphragmatic-hernias\">Acquired Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Hiatal Hernia<\/strong> (through the esophageal hiatus)\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Type 1, sliding hernia<\/strong> (gastroesophageal junction + gastric cardia in the thorax)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type 2, rolling (paraesophageal) hernia<\/strong> (The GE junction is in its normal position, the fundus of the stomach is in the thorax)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type 3, mixed type<\/strong>, sliding+rolling (Both GE junction and fundus of the stomach are in the thorax)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Type 4, giant hiatal hernias:<\/strong> The GE junction is in its normal position, most of the stomach, colon, omentum, and spleen in the thorax<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Diaphragmatic Rupture:<\/strong> Usually occurs with penetrating injury. The hernia may enlarge and give symptoms months and years later.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Iatrogenic Diaphragmatic Hernia:<\/strong> Due to previous abdominal and thoracic surgeries; such as esophagectomy, gastrectomy, nephrectomy, lung lobectomy, and liver resections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"congenital-diaphragmatic-hernias\">Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernias<\/h3>\n<p>There are two types of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Congenital&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nCongenital, present at birth; whatever the reason; whether hereditary or not. Congenital anomalies (diseases); It may be genetic,...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/congenital\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/congenital\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">congenital<\/a> diaphragmatic hernias.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Morgagni hernia<\/strong> occurs just to the right and behind the sternum (remember, the inferior epigastric artery and vein pass through the sternocostal triangle).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bochdalek Hernias<\/strong> are posterior to the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> and usually to the left (85%), because the left pleuroperitoneal canal (<a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a>) closes later.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<h2 id=\"diaphragm-paralysis\">5. Diaphragm Paralysis<\/h2>\n<p>Diaphragmatic paralysis is uncommon and can be unilateral or bilateral. <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diaphragm<\/a> paralysis can cause dyspnea and impair ventilation (breathing). The clinical symptoms are more prominent in bilateral <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> paralysis, while unilateral <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">diaphragm<\/a> paralysis is mostly <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Asymptomatic&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAsymptomatic refers to a medical condition or disease in which a person does not display any noticeable symptoms or signs of...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/asymptomatic\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/asymptomatic\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">asymptomatic<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The etiology is unknown (idiopathic) in many cases. Unilateral paralysis is not uncommon following phrenic nerve injury during cardiac <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>, cervical spondylosis, pneumonia, herpes zoster neuritis, or mediastinal compressive tumors. Bilateral paralysis is usually part of motor neuron disease (Guillain&ndash;Barr&eacute; syndrome), myopathies (polymyositis, dermatopolymyositis), and muscular dystrophy.<\/p>\n<p><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;The &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;diaphragm&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; is a large, dome-shaped musculomembranous (musculotendinous) structure that separates the abdominal and thoracic (chest) cavities....&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/diaphragm\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Diaphragm<\/a> paralysis is usually suspected based on a chest x-ray and clinical examination.<\/p>\n<p>Treatment is often unnecessary in unilateral cases, but in more severe cases, nocturnal positive pressure ventilation, diaphragmatic pacing, and diaphragmatic plication should be considered.<br>\n<\/p><div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"> <div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/anatomy-of-the-inguinal-region\/\" title=\"Anatomy of the Inguinal Region\">Anatomy of the Inguinal Region<\/a>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/diaphragm-anatomy\/\" title=\"Anatomy of the Diaphragm\">Anatomy of the Diaphragm<\/a> &gt;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-16239-0-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16239-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-16239-0-1-0\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Diaphragm<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-diaphragm\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\" menu-item-16245 menu-item menu-diaphragm-overview\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/\"><span>Diaphragm &ndash; Overview<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16253 menu-item menu-anatomy-of-the-diaphragm\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/diaphragm-anatomy\/\"><span>Anatomy of the Diaphragm<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Diaphragm anatomy 1. Definition The diaphragm (thoracic diaphragm) is a large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle involved in respiration. By increasing intra-abdominal pressure, the diaphragm aids in coughing, sneezing, vomiting, crying, &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/\" aria-label=\"Diaphragm\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15038,"menu_order":65,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16239","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The diaphragm is a large, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is the primary muscle involved in respiration.\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/diaphragm\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" 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