{"id":16204,"date":"2016-04-07T13:41:30","date_gmt":"2016-04-07T10:41:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/?page_id=16204"},"modified":"2026-03-31T17:10:24","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T14:10:24","slug":"abdominal-wall-anatomy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/abdominal-wall-anatomy\/","title":{"rendered":"Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-16204\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-16204-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-16204-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16204-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"textwidget\"><figure id=\"attachment_15087\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15087\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (1\/7). External oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (1\/7). External oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordionname40\"><div class=\"panel panel-default panel-even\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><a class=\"accordion-toggle \" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordionname40\" href=\"#collapse400\"><h5><i class=\"icon-minus primary-color\"><\/i><i class=\"icon-plus\"><\/i>CONTENTS<\/h5><\/a><\/div><div id=\"collapse400\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse in\"><div class=\"panel-body postclass\">\n<div class=\"kt-simple-box\" style=\"background-color:rgba(236, 246, 255, 1); min-height:1px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:15px; padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; \"><div class=\"kt-simple-box-inner\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#where-is-the-abdominal-wall-what-are-its-layers\">Where is the Abdominal Wall, What are its Layers?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#superficial-fascias-of-the-abdominal-wall\">Superficial Fascias of the Abdominal Wall (Camper&rsquo;s and Scarpa&rsquo;s Fascias)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#what-are-the-anterolateral-muscles-of-the-abdomen\">What are the Anterolateral Muscles of the Abdomen?<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#rectus-abdominis-muscle\">Rectus abdominis muscle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#pyramidalis-muscle\">Pyramidalis muscle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#external-oblique-muscle\">External oblique muscle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#internal-oblique-muscle\">Internal oblique muscle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#transverse-abdominal-muscle\">Transverse abdominal muscle<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#extraperitoneal-fascia\">Extroperitoneal fascia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#peritoneum\">Peritoneum<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#intraperitoneal-organs\">Intraperitoneal Organs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#retroperitoneal-organs\">Retroperitoneal Organs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"where-is-the-abdominal-wall-what-are-its-layers\">Where is the Abdominal Wall, What are its Layers?<\/h2>\n<p>The upper border of the abdominal wall is formed by the costal margins and the xiphoid process of the sternum; the lower border is formed by the upper margin of the pelvis (iliac and pubic bones); and the posterior border is formed by the vertebral column.<\/p>\n<h3>Layers of the abdominal wall (outside to inside)<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15083\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Abdominal wall anatomy, transverse (cross) section, L1-2 level\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Abdominal wall anatomy, transverse (cross) section, L1-2 level<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<ul>\n<li>Skin<\/li>\n<li>Superficial fascia\n<ul>\n<li>Superficial Layer (adipose, thick Camper's fascia)<\/li>\n<li>Deep Layer (thin, membranous Scarpa's fascia)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Abdominal wall muscles and their aponeurosis\n<ul>\n<li>Vertical Muscles: Rectus, Pyramidalis<\/li>\n<li>Flat Muscles: External oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fascia Transversalis<\/li>\n<li>Extraperitoneal Fascia (endoabdominal fascia)<\/li>\n<li>Peritoneum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"superficial-fascias-of-the-abdominal-wall\">Superficial Fascias of the Abdominal Wall (Camper&rsquo;s and Scarpa&rsquo;s Fascias)<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Camper's Fascia:<\/strong> also known as subcutaneous adipose tissue. It is thinner in the upper abdomen and thicker in the lower abdomen. Camper&rsquo;s fascia is the superficial layer of the superficial fascia.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Scarpa's Fascia:<\/strong> It is membranous and contains little or no fat. It starts below the umbilicus and continues into the thigh. Scarpa&rsquo;s fascia is the deep layer of the superficial fascia.<\/p>\n<p>Scarpa's fascia fuses with the fascia lata below the inguinal ligament. In males, it forms tunica dartos in the scrotum. Colles' fascia in the perineum is a continuation of Scarpa's fascia (superficial perineal fascia).<\/p>\n<p>Scarpa's fascia is loosely attached to the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, while it is more densely attached to the linea alba and symphysis pubis, making it difficult to dissect during incisional hernia and abdominoplasty operations.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-are-the-anterolateral-muscles-of-the-abdomen\">What are the Anterolateral Muscles of the Abdomen?<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15085\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-cross-section.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15085\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-cross-section-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy, cross section, above and below arcuate line\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-cross-section-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-cross-section-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-cross-section.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy, cross section, above and below arcuate line<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> and lateral abdominal wall muscles are in five pairs.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The two muscle pairs in the middle are vertical\n<ul>\n<li>Rectus abdominis muscle<\/li>\n<li>Pyramidalis muscle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lateral muscles are flat and broad in 3 layers. From outside to inside;\n<ul>\n<li>External oblique muscle<\/li>\n<li>Internal oblique muscle<\/li>\n<li>Transverse abdominal muscles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although almost all of the abdominal wall is surrounded by muscles, there are no muscles in the midline (the linea alba, about 1 cm wide), and in the 4-5 cm section between the rectus abdominis muscle and the flat muscles, there are aponeuroses.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Functions of Abdominal Muscles:<\/strong> Movement of the trunk; keeping and protecting the abdominal organs (defense); coughing, vomiting, micturition (urination); defecation; birth.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"rectus-abdominis-muscle\">Rectus Abdominis Muscle<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15091\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-rectus-abdominis-muscle-2-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15091\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-rectus-abdominis-muscle-2-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (2\/7). Rectus abdominis muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* + Anterior Rectus Sheath Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-rectus-abdominis-muscle-2-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-rectus-abdominis-muscle-2-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-rectus-abdominis-muscle-2-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (2\/7). Rectus abdominis muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* + Anterior Rectus Sheath Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15093\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-superior-inferior-epigastric-arteries-3-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15093\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-superior-inferior-epigastric-arteries-3-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (3\/7). Superior and inferior epigastric arteries. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, Anterior Rectus Sheath and Rectus Muscle Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-superior-inferior-epigastric-arteries-3-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-superior-inferior-epigastric-arteries-3-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-superior-inferior-epigastric-arteries-3-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (3\/7). Superior and inferior epigastric arteries. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, Anterior Rectus Sheath and Rectus Muscle Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The rectus abdominis muscle begins broadly at the costal cartilages and the xiphoid process and narrows in the pubis symphysis. It is about 30 cm long and 5 cm wide. The rectus abdominis muscle is divided into 4-5 parts and interrupted in 3-4 places by fibrous bands (tendinous intersections). These are visible in well-developed muscles and weak people.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"pyramidalis-muscle\">Pyramidalis Muscle<\/h3>\n<p>The pyramidalis muscles are about 4-5 cm long and form a narrow isosceles triangle. They are in front of the rectus muscle. Their base is attached to the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> surface of the pubis and their <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Apex (medicine)&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nApex refers to the highest or most pointy end of a cone or pyramid-shaped structure. While the term &amp;quot;tip&amp;quot; is generally used for...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/apex\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/apex\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">apex<\/a> to the linea alba.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"external-oblique-muscle\">External Oblique Muscle<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15087\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15087\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (1\/7). External oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-external-oblique-muscle-1-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (1\/7). External oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias* Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The external oblique muscle is the most superficial of the three flat muscles. It is located just beneath the superficial fascia. Its fibers lie infero-medial. The external oblique muscle aponeurosis covers a large area of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> abdominal wall (in the middle). It passes in front of the rectus muscles and terminates at the linea alba.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"internal-oblique-muscle\">Internal Oblique Muscle<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15089\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-internal-oblique-muscle-4-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15089\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-internal-oblique-muscle-4-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (4\/7). Internal oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External Oblique Muscle Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-internal-oblique-muscle-4-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-internal-oblique-muscle-4-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-internal-oblique-muscle-4-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (4\/7). Internal oblique muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External Oblique Muscle Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The internal oblique muscle is in the middle of the external oblique and the transverse abdominal muscle. It is narrower than the external oblique muscle. Its aponeurosis bifurcates above the umbilicus, passes <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> and posterior to the rectus abdominis muscle, then fuses with the external oblique and transverse abdominal muscle aponeurosis, and terminates in the linea alba. Below the umbilicus, the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis passes in front of the rectus abdominis muscle as a single leaf, fuses with the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle, and terminates in the linea alba.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"transverse-abdominal-muscle\">Transverse Abdominal Muscle<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15099\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-abdominal-muscle-5-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15099\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-abdominal-muscle-5-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (5\/7). Transverse abdominal muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External + Internal Oblique Muscles Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-abdominal-muscle-5-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-abdominal-muscle-5-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-abdominal-muscle-5-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (5\/7). Transverse abdominal muscle. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External + Internal Oblique Muscles Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The transverse abdominal muscle is the innermost of the flat muscles. Above the umbilicus, its aponeurosis passes behind the rectus abdominis muscle, fuses with the posterior part of the internal oblique muscle aponeurosis, and terminates at the linea alba. Below the umbilicus, the transverse abdominal muscle aponeurosis passes in front of the rectus abdominis muscle, fuses with the aponeurosis of the internal oblique muscle, and terminates in the linea alba.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"extraperitoneal-fascia\">Extraperitoneal Fascia (Endoabdominal Fascia, Preperitoneal + Retroperitoneal Spaces)<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15097\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-lateral-6-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15097\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-lateral-6-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (6\/7). Transversalis fascia, lateral. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External + Internal Oblique Muscles and Transversus Abdominis Muscles Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-lateral-6-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-lateral-6-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-lateral-6-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (6\/7). Transversalis fascia, lateral. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, External + Internal Oblique Muscles and Transversus Abdominis Muscles Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15095\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption alignnone\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-7-7.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15095\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-7-7-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (7\/7). Transversalis fascia. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, Rectus + External + Internal Oblique Muscles and Transversus Abdominis Muscles Removed)\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-7-7-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-7-7-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/anterior-abdominal-wall-anatomy-transversalis-fascia-7-7.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Anterior abdominal wall anatomy (7\/7). Transversalis fascia. (Skin and Superficial Fascias*, Rectus + External + Internal Oblique Muscles and Transversus Abdominis Muscles Removed)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15083\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15083\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Abdominal wall anatomy, transverse (cross) section, L1-2 level\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/abdominal-wall-anatomy-transverse-section.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Abdominal wall anatomy, transverse (cross) section, L1-2 level<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Extraperitoneal fascia is a connective tissue layer that is located between the peritoneum and the transverse fascia and contains abundant fat. Surgeons refer to the adjacent part of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> and lateral abdominal walls as the preperitoneal space, and the part on the posterior abdominal wall as the retroperitoneal space.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"peritoneum\">Peritoneum<\/h3>\n<p>The peritoneum is the innermost layer of the abdomen. It is a thin, serous layer lining the abdominal wall (cavity).<\/p>\n<p>The peritoneum covers the organs completely (intraperitoneal organs) or partially (retroperitoneal and pelvic organs). The peritoneum that covers the abdominal cavity is called the parietal peritoneum, and the one that covers the organs is called the visceral peritoneum.<\/p>\n<p>While the peritoneal cavity is completely closed to the external environment in men, it is connected to the external environment through the fallopian (uterine) tubes in women.<\/p>\n<h4 id=\"intraperitoneal-organs\">Intraperitoneal Organs<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Stomach<\/li>\n<li>Appendix<\/li>\n<li>Liver<\/li>\n<li>Transverse Colon<\/li>\n<li>Duodenum (1st part only)<\/li>\n<li>Small Intestines<\/li>\n<li>Pancreas (tail only)<\/li>\n<li>Rectum (upper &#8531; only)<\/li>\n<li>Spleen<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4 id=\"retroperitoneal-organs\">Retroperitoneal Organs<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Adrenal (adrenal) Glands<\/li>\n<li>Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava<\/li>\n<li>Duodenum (all except the 1st continent)<\/li>\n<li>Pancreas (whole except tail)<\/li>\n<li>Ureters and Bladder<\/li>\n<li>Colon (ascending and descending)<\/li>\n<li>Kidneys<\/li>\n<li>Esophagus<\/li>\n<li>Rectum (lower &#8532; part)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"> <div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/\" title=\"Abdominal Wall and Hernias\">Abdominal Wall and Hernias<\/a>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/quadrants-and-regions-of-abdomen\/\" title=\"Quadrants and Regions of Abdomen\">Quadrants and Regions of Abdomen<\/a> &gt;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-16204-0-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16204-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-16204-0-1-0\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Abdominal Wall and Hernias<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-abdominal-wall-and-hernias\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\" menu-item-16210 menu-item menu-anatomy-of-the-abdominal-wall\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/abdominal-wall-anatomy\/\"><span>Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16218 menu-item menu-quadrants-and-regions-of-abdomen\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/quadrants-and-regions-of-abdomen\/\"><span>Quadrants and Regions of Abdomen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16231 menu-item menu-anatomy-of-the-inguinal-region\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/anatomy-of-the-inguinal-region\/\"><span>Anatomy of the Inguinal Region<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Where is the Abdominal Wall, What are its Layers? The upper border of the abdominal wall is formed by the costal margins and the xiphoid process of the sternum; the lower border is formed by the upper margin of the &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/abdominal-wall-anatomy\/\" aria-label=\"Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":16188,"menu_order":64,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16204","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16204","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16204"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16204\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19030,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16204\/revisions\/19030"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/16188"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16204"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}