{"id":16188,"date":"2016-11-24T10:24:37","date_gmt":"2016-11-24T07:24:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/?page_id=16188"},"modified":"2026-03-31T17:10:08","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T14:10:08","slug":"abdominal-wall-and-hernias","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/","title":{"rendered":"Abdominal Wall and Hernias"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"pl-16188\" class=\"panel-layout\"><div id=\"pg-16188-0\" class=\"panel-grid panel-no-style\"><div id=\"pgc-16188-0-0\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16188-0-0-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_black-studio-tinymce widget_black_studio_tinymce panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"0\"><div class=\"textwidget\"><div class=\"panel-group\" id=\"accordionname32\"><div class=\"panel panel-default panel-even\"><div class=\"panel-heading\"><a class=\"accordion-toggle \" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordionname32\" href=\"#collapse320\"><h5><i class=\"icon-minus primary-color\"><\/i><i class=\"icon-plus\"><\/i>CONTENTS<\/h5><\/a><\/div><div id=\"collapse320\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse in\"><div class=\"panel-body postclass\">\n<div class=\"kt-simple-box\" style=\"background-color:rgba(236, 246, 255, 1); min-height:1px; padding-top:15px; padding-bottom:15px; padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; \"><div class=\"kt-simple-box-inner\">\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#abdominal-wall-hernia-types\">Abdominal Wall Hernia Types<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#epidemiology\">Epidemiology<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#abdominal-wall-anatomy\">Abdominal Wall Anatomy<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#anterior-abdominal-wall\">Anterior Abdominal Wall<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#posterolateral-lumbar-abdominal-wall\">Posterolateral (Lumbar) Abdominal Wall<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#inguinal-region\">Inguinal Region<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#development-of-inguinal-hernia-surgery\">Development of Inguinal Hernia Surgery<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#incisional-hernias\">Incisional Hernias<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<h2 id=\"abdominal-wall-hernia-types\">Abdominal Wall Hernia Types<\/h2>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table id=\"t01\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th colspan=\"2\">\n<h2><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">Abdominal Wall Hernias<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<h4>Inguinal Hernias<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Indirect inguinal hernias<\/li>\n<li>Direct inguinal hernias<\/li>\n<li>Femoral hernias<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<h4>Anterior Abdominal Wall Hernias<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Umbilical hernias<\/li>\n<li>Epigastric hernias<\/li>\n<li>Spigelian hernias<\/li>\n<li>Supravesical hernias<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<h4>Pelvic Hernias<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Obturator hernias<\/li>\n<li>Sciatic hernias<\/li>\n<li>Perineal hernias<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<h4>Lumbar Hernias<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Grynfeltt hernia (Superior lumbar triangle)<\/li>\n<li>Petit's hernias (Inferior lumbar triangle)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"50%\">\n<h4>Incisional Hernias<\/h4>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2 id=\"epidemiology\">Epidemiology<\/h2>\n<p>The lifetime risk of developing a spontaneous abdominal hernia is 5% (10% with ultrasound). Among these, inguinal hernias account for 75-80% of cases, while umbilical hernias account for 14% and femoral hernias account for 5%.<\/p>\n<p>Incisional hernia occurs in 10&ndash;15 percent of incisions.<\/p>\n<p>The ratio of indirect hernias to direct hernias is 2:1. Inguinal hernias are more commonly found on the right side.<\/p>\n<p>Inguinal hernias are seven times more common in males, while femoral and umbilical hernias are about twice as common in females. Although femoral hernias represent only 10% of inguinal hernias in terms of numbers, they account for 40% of emergencies (incarceration and strangulation). While femoral hernias are seen equally in males and females in terms of numbers, they are four times more common proportionally in females (as other inguinal hernias are less common in females).<\/p>\n<p>The frequency of inguinal hernias increases with age in males (50% at age 75). The incidence of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Congenital&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nCongenital, present at birth; whatever the reason; whether hereditary or not. Congenital anomalies (diseases); It may be genetic,...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/congenital\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/congenital\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">congenital<\/a> inguinal hernias is inversely proportional to birth weight. Inguinal hernias develop in 32% of infants born weighing less than 1500 g.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"abdominal-wall-anatomy\">Abdominal Wall Anatomy<\/h2>\n<p>The abdominal wall can be divided into 3 main regions<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Anterior<\/a> abdominal wall<\/li>\n<li>Posterolateral (lumbar) abdominal wall<\/li>\n<li>Inguinal region<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"anterior-abdominal-wall\">Anterior Abdominal Wall<\/h3>\n<p>The upper border of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> abdominal wall is the rib margins and the xiphoid process; the lower border is the upper border of the pelvis (coxa); and the posterior border is the vertebral column.<\/p>\n<p>The <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> and lateral abdominal wall muscles are in five pairs. The middle pair of muscles are the rectus abdominis muscles, which run vertically.<\/p>\n<p>The lateral abdominal muscles are in three layers. From superficial to deep (from outside to inside), there are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Abdominal external oblique muscles<\/li>\n<li>Abdominal internal oblique muscles<\/li>\n<li>Transverse abdominal muscles<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although muscles cover almost the entire abdominal wall, the linea alba and the 4-5 cm space between the rectus muscle and the lateral muscles are muscle-free. Only muscle aponeuroses are found in these regions.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"posterolateral-lumbar-abdominal-wall\">Posterolateral (Lumbar) Abdominal Wall<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15056\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/lumbar-triangles-grynfelt-petit.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-15056 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/lumbar-triangles-grynfelt-petit-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Lumbar Triangles: Grynfelt, Petit\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/lumbar-triangles-grynfelt-petit-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/lumbar-triangles-grynfelt-petit-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/lumbar-triangles-grynfelt-petit.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Lumbar Triangles: Grynfelt, Petit<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>It consists of three layers. Lumbar hernias also arise from two triangles in this region.<\/p>\n<h4>Deep Layer Muscles<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Psoas major muscle (medial)<\/li>\n<li>Quadratus lumborum muscle (centre)<\/li>\n<li>Transverse abdominal muscle (lateral)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Middle Layer Muscles<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>M. sacrospinalis<\/li>\n<li>M. obliquus internus<\/li>\n<li>M. serratus posterior<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Superficial Layer Muscles<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>External oblique muscle<\/li>\n<li>Latissimus dorsi muscle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>Grynfeltt Triangle Boundaries (Superior Lumbar Triangle)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Superior: 12th rib, posterior lumbocostal ligament, serratus posterior inferior muscle<\/li>\n<li>&#304;nferior: Internal oblique muscle<\/li>\n<li>Posterior: Sacrospinalis muscle<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>It is larger than the Petit triangle. Most lumbar hernias develop here.<\/p>\n<h4>Petit Triangle Boundaries (Inferior Lumbar Triangle)<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Posterior: Latissimus dorsi muscle<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Anterior<\/a>: External oblique muscle<\/li>\n<li>&#304;nferior: iliac crest<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"inguinal-region\">Inguinal Region<\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15054\" class=\"thumbnail wp-caption aligncenter\" style=\"width: 720px\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/myopectineal-orifice-of-fruchaud.jpeg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-15054\" src=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/myopectineal-orifice-of-fruchaud-720x540.jpeg\" alt=\"Myopectineal orifice of Fruchaud\" width=\"720\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/myopectineal-orifice-of-fruchaud-720x540.jpeg 720w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/myopectineal-orifice-of-fruchaud-768x576.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/myopectineal-orifice-of-fruchaud.jpeg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px\"\/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption wp-caption-text\">Myopectineal orifice of Fruchaud<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The inguinal region, also known as the groin, is the lower part of the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> abdominal wall on the right and left sides. The inguinal region is the space between the <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anterior&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnterior refers to &amp;quot;front&rdquo;, &amp;quot;in front of&rdquo;, or &amp;quot;close to the front&rdquo;. In human anatomy, it refers to the front surface of the body or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anterior\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anterior<\/a> superior iliac spine (ASIS), which is superolateral, and the lower edge of the thigh, medially. This region is the weakest point of the abdominal wall and includes the imaginary canal called the inguinal canal.<\/p>\n<p>The inguinal region is important because it is where inguinal hernias happen.<\/p>\n<h4>Myopectineal Orifice of Fruchaud<\/h4>\n<p>Henri Fruchaud (1894-1961), a French surgeon and anatomist, popularized the term &quot;myopectineal orifice,&quot; which is where direct, indirect, and femoral hernias originate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Boundaries of Fruchaud's Myopectineal Orifice<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Superiorly<\/strong>: Lower borders of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles (conjoint tendon inguinal previously known as the inguinal aponeurotic falx)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Medially<\/strong>: Rectus muscle and sheath<\/li>\n<li><strong>Laterally<\/strong>: Iliopsoas muscle<\/li>\n<li><strong>Inferiorly<\/strong>: Cooper ligament (pecten ossis pubis)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"development-of-inguinal-hernia-surgery\">Development of Inguinal Hernia Surgery<\/h2>\n<p>The history of surgical treatment of hernias begins in the 1st century B.C. According to Celsus's writings, Heliodorus was practicing herniorrhaphy. However, standard hernia repairs began to be seen after the 15th century. During this time, the most common surgeries for hernias are castration (removing the hernia along with the testicle), cauterization, and debriding the hernia sac, followed by secondary healing. As might be expected, these treatments often resulted in worse outcomes than the disease itself. Therefore, reliable and knowledgeable doctors seldom refer their patients to <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In 1881, Lucas-Championniere, a French surgeon, performed a high ligation at the inner ring of an indirect inguinal hernia and closed the wound primarily.<\/p>\n<p>In 1884, the Italian surgeon Edoardo Bassini, in addition to the high ligation, reinforced the inguinal canal and posterior wall. He sutured the conjoint tendon to the inguinal ligament. This technique transformed inguinal hernia <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>. For this reason, Bassini is considered the father of modern hernia <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>While the Bassini technique was used quite frequently until the last 20-25 years, it has been replaced by tension-free and laparoscopic repairs with synthetic patches, due to high recurrence rates ( up to 30% in the long term)<\/p>\n<p>Following the development of asepsis-antisepsis and anesthesia, the standard treatment in hernia <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a> has remained high ligation and reconstruction of the posterior wall of the inguinal canal until today. Although the posterior inguinal wall repair techniques vary, they have become a standard part of hernia <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>In order to decrease recurrence, Lotheissen, McVay, Halsted, Shouldice, and others modified Bassini's posterior inguinal wall repair.<\/p>\n<p>In spite of these methods, the recurrence rate remained around 15%, and the tension stitches cause pain. Sometimes, patients had to walk bent over for a long time. Tension was also the leading cause of relapse. With the introduction of synthetic meshes (such as prolene), the tension problem was eliminated, and the recurrence rate was significantly reduced (2%). Therefore, the surgeries employing a mesh were called &quot;tension-free repairs.&quot;<\/p>\n<p>Gilbert inverted the hernia sac and occluded the defect with a mesh plug. Rutkow wasn't satisfied, so he added a second flat mesh (as in the Lichtenstein technique) in front of the plug (plug and patch).<\/p>\n<p>Hernias can also be repaired by inserting a mesh into the preperitoneal space. In this technique, a large synthetic mesh, usually prolene, is placed behind the abdominal wall in the inguinal region. The mesh thus covers the myopectineal orifice, which allows for inguinal and femoral hernias. The preperitoneal mesh placement techniques are as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kugel (Ugahari)<\/strong> repair technique is very similar to a laparoscopic TEP repair. It is an open technique and the preperitoneal space is accessed using digital <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Dissection&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Dissection&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, also known as &amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;anatomization&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt;, is a surgical technique that involves the careful separation and exposure of tissues or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/dissection\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/dissection\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">dissection<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Through a lower abdominal incision<\/strong> (midline, Pfannenstiel).\n<ul>\n<li><em>Stoppa Operation:<\/em> Bilateral giant prosthetic reinforcement of the visceral sac (GPRVS). The mesh widely covers both myopectineal orifices.<\/li>\n<li><em>Wantz Operation:<\/em> The mesh is placed unilaterally.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>During open <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a><\/strong> (transabdominal), like Wantz or Stoppa<\/li>\n<li><strong>Laparoscopic <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a><\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Trans Abdominal PrePeritoneal (TAPP)<\/li>\n<li>Total Extra Peritoneal (TEP)<\/li>\n<li>Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh (IPOM). The mesh is placed and sutured to the peritoneum without opening the peritoneum.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"incisional-hernias\">Incisional Hernias<\/h2>\n<p>An incisional hernia is a hernia that develops in the incision. Incisional hernia occurs in 10&ndash;15% of abdominal incisions (a high rate). Wound infection increases the incisional hernia rate to 23%.<\/p>\n<h3>Causes of Incisional Hernia<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li>Wound infection<\/li>\n<li>Obesity<\/li>\n<li>Smoking<\/li>\n<li>Immunosuppressive drugs (e.g. steroids)<\/li>\n<li>Poor surgical technique and suturing, traumatic handling<\/li>\n<li>Tension in the wound (suture)<\/li>\n<li>Malnutrition<\/li>\n<li>Connective tissue diseases<\/li>\n<li>Advanced age (especially &gt;70 )<\/li>\n<li>Male gender<\/li>\n<li>Chronic lung disease and cough<\/li>\n<li>Constipation<\/li>\n<li>Benign prostatic hypertrophy (straining)<\/li>\n<li><a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Ascites&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAscites is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity. &#8203;&#8203;Ascites is most commonly associated with liver disease, such...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/ascites\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/ascites\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">Ascites<\/a>, jaundice, <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Anemia&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\nAnemia is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency of healthy red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the body, which are responsible...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anemia\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/anemia\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">anemia<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Emergency <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>,<\/li>\n<li>Type of <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Incisional hernias usually occur in the early postoperative period. Incisional hernias are sometimes discovered years later. This is due to the enlargement of small hernias that already existed in the early postoperative period.<\/p>\n<p>The most serious complications of small incisional hernias are incarceration and strangulation.<\/p>\n<p>Repair difficulty and wound infection are the most serious complications associated with large incisional hernias.<\/p>\n<p>The most serious issue with giant incisional hernias is that most of the organs are located outside the abdomen. Following <a class=\"glossaryLink\" aria-describedby=\"tt\" data-cmtooltip=\"&lt;div class=glossaryItemBody&gt;&amp;lt;h1&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/h1&amp;gt;\n&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Surgery&amp;lt;\/strong&amp;gt; (Latin: chirurgiae, &amp;quot;done by hand&amp;quot;) removes, repairs, or replaces damaged or diseased tissue in the body using manual or...&lt;\/div&gt;&lt;div class=glossaryTooltipMoreLinkWrapper&gt;&lt;a class=glossaryTooltipMoreLink href=https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/ &gt;Read more&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/medical-dictionary\/surgery\/\" data-mobile-support=\"0\" data-gt-translate-attributes='[{\"attribute\":\"data-cmtooltip\", \"format\":\"html\"}]' tabindex=\"0\" role=\"link\">surgery<\/a>, organ reinsertion may result in abdominal compartment syndrome and sudden death.<\/p>\n<p>Defects in incisional hernias up to 4 cm in diameter may be sutured primarily. According to some surgeons, this limit is 3 cm or even 2 cm. A synthetic mesh should be used for larger incisional hernias (laparoscopic or open technique).<\/p>\n<p>Regardless of hernia size, we believe mesh repair is superior to suture repair in terms of recurrence.<\/p>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"row\"> <div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/thyroid\/thyroid-anatomy-and-physiology\/\" title=\"Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid\">Anatomy and Physiology of the Thyroid<\/a>\n<\/p><\/div><div class=\"col-md-6  \">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/abdominal-wall-anatomy\/\" title=\"Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall\">Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall<\/a> &gt;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"hrule clearfix\" style=\" height:1px\"><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div id=\"pgc-16188-0-1\" class=\"panel-grid-cell\"><div id=\"panel-16188-0-1-0\" class=\"so-panel widget widget_nav_menu panel-first-child panel-last-child\" data-index=\"1\"><div class=\"panel-widget-style panel-widget-style-for-16188-0-1-0\"><h3 class=\"widget-title\">Abdominal Wall and Hernias<\/h3><ul id=\"menu-abdominal-wall-and-hernias\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\" menu-item-16210 menu-item menu-anatomy-of-the-abdominal-wall\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/abdominal-wall-anatomy\/\"><span>Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16218 menu-item menu-quadrants-and-regions-of-abdomen\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/quadrants-and-regions-of-abdomen\/\"><span>Quadrants and Regions of Abdomen<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\" menu-item-16231 menu-item menu-anatomy-of-the-inguinal-region\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/anatomy-of-the-inguinal-region\/\"><span>Anatomy of the Inguinal Region<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Abdominal Wall Hernia Types Abdominal Wall Hernias Inguinal Hernias Indirect inguinal hernias Direct inguinal hernias Femoral hernias Anterior Abdominal Wall Hernias Umbilical hernias Epigastric hernias Spigelian hernias Supravesical hernias Pelvic Hernias Obturator hernias Sciatic hernias Perineal hernias Lumbar Hernias Grynfeltt &hellip; <a class=\"kt-excerpt-readmore\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/\" aria-label=\"Abdominal Wall and Hernias\">Read More<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":15038,"menu_order":64,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-fullwidth.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-16188","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"aioseo_head":"\n\t\t<!-- All in One SEO 4.9.10 - aioseo.com -->\n\t<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large\" \/>\n\t<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.turkcerrahi.com\/en\/general-surgery-articles\/abdominal-wall-and-hernias\/\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"generator\" content=\"All in One SEO (AIOSEO) 4.9.10\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"turkcerrahi.com | Genel &amp; Laparoskopik Cerrahi\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Abdominal Wall and Hernias | turkcerrahi.com\/en\" \/>\n\t\t<meta property=\"og:url\" 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